HISTORY
OF THE
WALDENSES.
HISTORY
OF THE
WALDENSES.
BY THE
REV. J. A. WYLIE, LL.D.,
AUTHOR OF “THE PAPACY,” “DAYBREAK IN SPAIN,” ETC.
Illustrated.
CASSELL, PETTER, GALPIN & CO.
_LONDON, PARIS & NEW YORK_.
[ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.]
PREFACE.
This work--which is a reprint of the Sixteenth Book of the HISTORY OF PROTESTANTISM--is exclusively occupied with the subject of the Waldenses. It describes succinctly the conflicts they waged and the martyrdoms they endured in defence of their faith and their liberty, and is published in the present form to meet the requirements of those who take a special interest in this remarkable people.
Recent events in Europe have brought the Waldenses into prominence, and thrown a new light upon the grandeur of their struggle and the important and enduring issues which have flowed from it. To them, in a very particular manner, are we to trace the constitutional liberties which Italy at this hour enjoys. In the eventful year of 1848, when a new constitution was being framed for Piedmont, the Waldenses made it plain to the Government that there would not be standing-room for them within the lines of that constitution, unless it embraced the great principle of freedom of conscience. For that principle they had contended during five hundred years, and nothing short of it could they accept as a basis of national settlement, persuaded that any other guarantee of their liberties would be illusory. Their demand was conceded: the principle of freedom of conscience--the root of all liberty--was embodied in the new constitution, and thus the whole inhabitants of Piedmont shared equally with the Waldenses in a boon which the struggles of the latter had been mainly instrumental in securing.
Not only so: in process of time the constitution of Piedmont was extended to the rest of Italy, and the whole Italian nation is at this hour sharing in the fruits which have sprung from the toil and the blood, the unswerving faith, and the heroic devotion of the Waldenses. Nor is their work finished even yet. They have understood the end for which they have been preserved through so many ages of darkness and conflict, and have energetically thrown themselves into the evangelisation of modern Italy, and doubtless these ancient confessors are destined to win, in the land where they endured so many dark sorrows, not a few brilliant triumphs, and by the labours of the present to add to the obligations which Christendom owes them for the services of the past.
J. A. WYLIE.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
THE WALDENSES--THEIR VALLEYS. PAGE
Submission of the Churches of Lombardy to Rome--The Old Faith maintained in the Mountains--The Waldensian Churches--Question of their Antiquity--Approach to their Mountains--Arrangement of their Valleys--Picture of blended Beauty and Grandeur 1
CHAPTER II.
THE WALDENSES--THEIR MISSIONS AND MARTYRDOMS.
Their Synod and College--Their Theological Tenets--Romaunt Version of the New Testament--The Constitution of their Church--Their Missionary Labours--Wide Diffusion of their Tenets--The Stone Smiting the Image 10
CHAPTER III.
FIRST PERSECUTIONS OF THE WALDENSES.
Their Unique Position in Christendom--Their Twofold Testimony--They Witness against Rome and for Protestantism-- Hated by Rome--The Cottian Alps--Albigenses and Waldenses-- The Waldensian Territory Proper--Papal Testimony to the Flourishing State of their Church in the Fourteenth Century--Early Bulls against them--Tragedy of Christmas, 1400--Constancy of the Waldenses--Crusade of Pope Innocent VIII.--His Bull of 1487--The Army Assembles--Two Frightful Tempests approach the Valleys 19
CHAPTER IV.
CATANEO’S EXPEDITION AGAINST THE DAUPHINESE AND
PIEDMONTESE CONFESSORS.
The Confessors of the Dauphinese Alps--Attacked--Flee to Mont Pelvoux--Retreat into a Cave--Are Suffocated--French Crusaders Cross the Alps--Enter the Valley of Pragelas-- Piedmontese Army Advances against La Torre--Deputation of Waldensian Patriarchs--The Valley of Lucerna--Villaro-- Bobbio--Cataneo’s Plan of Campaign--His Soldiers Cross the Col Julien--Grandeurs of the Pass--Valley of Prali--Defeat of Cataneo’s Expedition 31
CHAPTER V.
FAILURE OF CATANEO’S EXPEDITION.
The Valley of Angrogna--An Alternative--The Waldenses Prepare for Battle--Cataneo’s Repulse--His Rage--He Renews the Attempt--Enters Angrogna with his Army--Advances to the Barrier--Enters the Chasm--The Waldenses on the point of being Cut to Pieces--The Mountain Mist--Deliverance--Utter Rout of the Papal Army--Pool of Saquet--Sufferings of the Waldenses--Extinction of the Invading Host--Deputation to their Prince--Vaudois Children--Peace 43
CHAPTER VI.
SYNOD IN THE WALDENSIAN VALLEYS.
The Old Vine seems Dying--New Life--The Reformation--Tidings Reach the Waldenses--They Send Deputies into Germany and Switzerland to Inquire--Joy of OEcolampadius--His Admonitory Letter--Waldensian Deputies at Strasburg--The Two Churches a Wonder to each other--Martyrdom of One of the Deputies-- Resolution to Call a Synod in the Valleys--Its Catholic Character--Spot where it Met--Confession of Faith framed-- The Spirit of the Vaudois Revives--They Rebuild their Churches, &c.--Journey of Farel and Saunier to the Synod 52
CHAPTER VII.
PERSECUTIONS AND MARTYRDOMS.
A Peace of Twenty-eight Years--Flourishing State--Bersour--A Martyr--Martyrdom of Pastor Gonin--Martyrdoms of a Student and a Monk--Trial and Burning of a Colporteur--A List of Horrible Deaths--The Valleys under the Sway of France-- Restored to Savoy--Emmanuel Philibert--Persecution Renewed--Carignano--Persecution Approaches the Mountains--Deputation to the Duke--The Old Paths-- Remonstrance to the Duke--To the Duchess--To the Council 63
CHAPTER VIII.
PREPARATIONS FOR A WAR OF EXTERMINATION.
Pastor Gilles Carries the Remonstrance to the Duke--No Tidings for Three Months--The Monks of Pinerolo begin the Persecution--Raid in San Martino--Philip of Savoy’s Attempt at Conciliation--A Monk’s Sermon--The Duke Declares War against the Vaudois--Dreadful Character of his Army--The Waldenses hold a Fast, &c.--Skirmishing in Angrogna--Night Panic--La Trinita Occupies the Val di Lucerna--An Intrigue--Fruitless Concessions--Affecting Incidents--La Trinita Demands 20,000 Crowns from the Men of the Valleys--He Retires into Winter Quarters--Outrages of his Soldiers 77
CHAPTER IX.
THE GREAT CAMPAIGN OF 1561.
Mass or Extermination--Covenant in the Valleys--Their Solemn Oath--How the Waldenses Recant--Their Energetic Preparations--La Trinita Advances his Army--Twice Attempts to Enter Angrogna, and is Repulsed--A Third Attempt--Attacks on Three Points--Repulsed on all Three--Ravages the Valley of Rora--Receives Reinforcements from France and Spain--Commences a Third Campaign--Six Men against an Army--Utter Discomfiture--Extinction of La Trinita’s Host--Peace 88
CHAPTER X.
WALDENSIAN COLONIES IN CALABRIA AND APULIA.
An Inn at Turin--Two Waldensian Youths--A Stranger--Invitation to Calabria--The Waldenses Search the Land--They Settle there--Their Colony Flourishes--Build Towns--Cultivate Science--They Hear of the Reformation--Petition for a Fixed Pastor--Jean Louis Paschale sent to them--Apprehended-- Brought in Chains to Naples--Conducted to Rome 104
CHAPTER XI.
EXTINCTION OF WALDENSES IN CALABRIA.
Arrival of Inquisitors in Calabria--Flight of the Inhabitants of San Sexto--Pursued and Destroyed--La Guardia--Its Citizens Seized--Their Tortures--Horrible Butchery--The Calabrian Colony Exterminated--Louis Paschale--His Condemnation--The Castle of St. Angelo--The Pope, Cardinals, and Citizens--The Martyr--His Last Words--His Execution-- His Tomb 114
CHAPTER XII.
THE YEAR OF THE PLAGUE.
Peace--Re-occupation of their Homes--Partial Famine--Contributions of Foreign Churches--Castrocaro, Governor of the Valleys--His Treacheries and Oppressions-- Letter of Elector Palatine to the Duke--A Voice raised for Toleration--Fate of Castrocaro--The Plague--Awful Ravages--10,000 Deaths--Only Two Pastors Survive--Ministers come from Switzerland, &c.--Worship conducted henceforward in French 123
CHAPTER XIII.
THE GREAT MASSACRE.
Preliminary Attacks--The Propaganda de Fide--Marchioness de Pianeza--Gastaldo’s Order--Its Barbarous Execution-- Greater Sorrows--Perfidy of Pianeza--The Massacring Army--Its Attack and Repulse--Treachery--The Massacre Begins--Its Horrors--Modes of Torture--Individual Martyrs-- Leger collects Evidence on the Spot--He Appeals to the Protestant States--Interposition of Cromwell--Mission of Sir Samuel Morland--A Martyr’s Monument 132
CHAPTER XIV.
EXPLOITS OF GIANAVELLO--MASSACRE AND PILLAGE OF RORA.
Ascent of La Combe--Beauty and Grandeur of Valley of Rora-- Gianavello--His Character--Marquis de Pianeza--His First Assault--Brave Repulse--Treachery of the Marquis--No Faith with Heretics--Gianavello’s Band--Repulse of Second and Third Attacks--Death of a Persecutor--An Army raised to invade Rora--Massacre and Pillage--Letter of Pianeza-- Gianavello’s Heroic Reply--Gianavello renews the War-- 500 against 15,000--Success of the Waldenses--Horror at the Massacre--Interposition of England--Letter of Cromwell--Treaty of Peace 151
CHAPTER XV.
THE EXILE.
New Troubles--Louis XIV. and his Confessor--Edict against the Vaudois--Their Defenceless Condition--Their Fight and Victory--They Surrender--The Whole Nation Thrown into Prison--Utter Desolation of the Land--Horrors of the Imprisonment--Their Release--Journey across the Alps--Its Hardships--Arrival of the Exiles at Geneva--Their Hospitable Reception 166
CHAPTER XVI.
RETURN TO THE VALLEYS.
Longings after their Valleys--Thoughts of Returning--Their Re-assembling--Cross Lake Leman--Begin their March--The “Eight Hundred”--Cross Mont Cénis--Great Victory in the Valley of the Dora--First View of their Mountains--Worship on the Mountaintop--Enter their Valleys--Pass their First Sunday at Prali--Worship 179
CHAPTER XVII.
FINAL RE-ESTABLISHMENT IN THE VALLEYS.
Cross the Col Julien--Seize Bobbio--Oath of Sibaud--March to Villaro--Guerilla War--Retreat to La Balsiglia--Its Strength--Beauty and Grandeur of San Martino--Encampment on the Balsiglia--Surrounded--Repulse of the Enemy--Depart for the Winter--Return of French and Piedmontese Army in Spring--The Balsiglia Stormed--Enemy Driven Back--Final Assault with Cannon--Wonderful Deliverance of the Vaudois-- Overtures of Peace 189
CHAPTER XVIII.
CONDITION OF THE WALDENSES FROM 1690.
Annoyances--Burdens--Foreign Contributions--French Revolution-- Spiritual Revivals--Felix Neff--Dr. Gilly--General Beckwith--Oppressed Condition previous to 1840--Edict of Carlo Alberto--Freedom of Conscience--The Vaudois Church, the Door by which Religious Liberty Entered Italy--Their Lamp Kindled at Rome 203
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
Map of the Waldensian Valleys _Frontispiece_
Monte Castelluzzo and the Waldensian Temple 8
Waldensian Missionaries in Guise of Pedlars 17
View in the Valley of Roumeyer, Dauphiné 25
View of La Torre 39
View in Turin 53
The Village of Balsiglia, San Martino 81
The Vaudois taking their Oath 89
View in the Village of Angrogna 97
Parting of Paschale from his Betrothed 111
Group of Roman Peasants 121
Interior of St. John Lateran, Rome 129
The Entrance to La Torre 145
Cromwell and Milton 161
The Pass of Pra Del Tor 169
View of the Protestant Church of St. Jean, Waldensian Valleys 177
The Vaudois Crossing Lake Leman by Night 184
View in the Village of San Laurenzo, Angrogna 193
Church of Chabas, the oldest in the Valleys 201
Tomb of General Beckwith 209
CHAPTER I.
THE WALDENSES--THEIR VALLEYS.
Submission of the Churches of Lombardy to Rome--The Old Faith maintained in the Mountains--The Waldensian Churches--Question of their Antiquity--Approach to their Mountains--Arrangement of their Valleys--Picture of blended Beauty and Grandeur.
It was the ninth century, and superstitious beliefs and idolatrous rites were overspreading the Church, when Claudius, Bishop of Turin, who was deeply imbued with the spirit of Augustine, set himself to arrest the growing corruption with all the fervour of a living faith, and the vigour of a courageous and powerful intellect. To the battle for the purity of doctrine he joined that for the independence of the Churches of Lombardy. Even in Claude’s day they remained free, although many Churches more remote from Rome had already been subjugated by that all-conquering power. The Ambrosian Liturgy was still used in the cathedral of Milan, and the Augustinian doctrine continued to be preached from many of the pulpits of Lombardy and Piedmont. This independence of Rome, and this greater purity of faith and worship, these Churches mainly owed to the three Apostolic men whose names adorn their annals--Ambrose, Vigilantius, and Claude.
When Claude went to his grave, about the year 840, the battle, although not altogether dropped, was but languidly maintained. Attempts were renewed to induce the Bishops of Milan to accept the episcopal pall, the badge of spiritual vassalage, from the Pope; but it was not till the middle of the eleventh century, under Nicholas II., that these attempts were successful. Petrus Damianus, Bishop of Ostia, and Anselm, Bishop of Lucca, were dispatched by the Pontiff to receive the submission of the Lombard Churches, and the popular tumults amid which that submission was extorted sufficiently show that the spirit of Claude still lingered at the foot of the Alps. Nor did the clergy conceal the regret with which they surrendered their ancient liberties to a power before which the whole earth was then bowing down; for the Papal legate, Damianus, informs us that the clergy of Milan maintained in his presence that “The Ambrosian Church, according to the ancient institutions of the Fathers, was always free, without being subject to the laws of Rome, and that the Pope of Rome had no jurisdiction over their Church as to the government or constitution of it.”[1]
But if the plains were conquered, not so the mountains. A considerable body of Protesters stood out against this deed of submission. Of these some crossed the Alps, descended the Rhine, and raised the standard of opposition in the diocese of Cologne, where they were branded as Manicheans, and rewarded with the stake. Others retired into the valleys of the Piedmontese Alps, and there maintained their scriptural faith and their ancient independence. What has just been related respecting the dioceses of Milan and Turin settles the question of the apostolicity of the Churches of the Waldensian valleys. It is not necessary to show that missionaries were sent from Rome in the first age to plant Christianity in these valleys, nor is it necessary to show that these Churches have existed as distinct and separate communities from early days; enough that they formed a part, as unquestionably they did, of the great evangelical Church of the North of Italy. This is the proof at once of their apostolicity and their independence. It attests their descent from apostolic men, if doctrine be the life of Churches. When their co-religionists on the plains entered within the pale of the Roman jurisdiction, they retired within the mountains, and, spurning alike the tyrannical yoke and the corrupt tenets of the Church of the Seven Hills, they preserved in its purity and simplicity the faith their fathers had handed down to them. Rome manifestly was the schismatic, she it was that had abandoned what was once the common faith of Christendom, leaving by that step to all who remained on the old ground the indisputably valid title of the True Church.
Behind this rampart of mountains, which Providence, foreseeing the approach of evil days, would almost seem to have reared on purpose, did the remnant of the early apostolic Church of Italy kindle their lamp, and here did that lamp continue to burn all through the long night which descended on Christendom. There is a singular concurrence of evidence in favour of their high antiquity. Their traditions invariably point to an unbroken descent from the earliest times, as regards their religious belief. The _Nobla Leyçon_, which dates from the year 1100, goes to prove that the Waldenses of Piedmont did not owe their rise to Peter Waldo of Lyons, who did not appear till the latter half of that century. The _Nobla Leyçon_ though a poem, is in reality a confession of faith, and could have been composed only after some considerable study of the system of Christianity, in contradistinction to the errors of Rome. How could a Church have arisen with such a document in her hands? Or how could these herdsmen and vine-dressers, shut up in their mountains, have detected the errors against which they bore testimony, and found their way to the truths of which they made open profession in times of darkness like these? If we grant that their religious beliefs were the heritage of former ages, handed down from an evangelical ancestry, all is plain; but if we maintain that they were the discovery of the men of those days, we assert what approaches almost to a miracle. Their greatest enemies, Claude Seyssel of Turin, and Reynerius the Inquisitor, have admitted their antiquity, and stigmatised them as “the most dangerous of all heretics, because the most ancient.”
Rorenco, Prior of St. Roch, Turin, was employed to investigate the origin and antiquity of the Waldenses, and of course had access to all the Waldensian documents in the ducal archives, and being their bitter enemy he may be presumed to have made his report not more favourable than he could help. Yet he states that “they were not a new sect in the ninth and tenth centuries, and that Claude of Turin must have detached them from the Church in the ninth century.”
Within the limits of her own land did God provide a dwelling for this venerable Church. Let us bestow a glance upon the region. As one comes from the south, across the level plain of Piedmont, while yet nearly a hundred miles off, one sees the Alps rise before one, stretching like a great wall along the horizon. From the gates of the morning to those of the setting sun, the mountains run on in a line of towering magnificence. Pasturages and chestnut-forests clothe their base; eternal snows crown their summits. How varied are their forms! Some rise like castles of stupendous strength; others shoot up tall and tapering like needles; while others again run along in serrated lines, their summits torn and cleft by the storms of many thousand winters. At the hour of sunrise, what a glory kindles along the crest of that snowy rampart! At sunset the spectacle is again renewed, and a line of pyres is seen to burn in the evening sky.
Drawing nearer the hills, on a line about thirty miles west of Turin, there opens before one what seems a great mountain portal. This is the entrance to the Waldensian territory. A low hill drawn along in front serves as a defence against all who may come with hostile intent, as but too frequently happened in times gone by, while a stupendous monolith--the Castelluzzo--shoots up to the clouds, and stands sentinel at the gate of this renowned region. As one approaches La Torre the Castelluzzo rises higher and higher, and irresistibly fixes the eye by the perfect beauty of its pillar-like form. But to this mountain a higher interest belongs than any that mere symmetry can give it. It is indissolubly linked with martyr-memories, and borrows a halo from the achievements of the past. How often, in days of old, was the confessor hurled sheer down its awful steep, and dashed on the rocks at its foot! And there, commingled in one ghastly heap, growing ever the bigger and ghastlier as another and yet another victim was added to it, lay the mangled bodies of pastor and peasant, of mother and child! It was the tragedies connected with this mountain mainly that called forth Milton’s noble sonnet:--
“Avenge, O Lord, Thy slaughtered saints, whose bones Lie scattered on the Alpine mountains cold. * * * in Thy book record their groans Who were Thy sheep, and in their ancient fold, Slain by the bloody Piedmontese, that rolled Mother with infant down the rocks. Their moans The vales redoubled to the hills, and they To heaven.”
The Waldensian valleys are seven in number; they were more in ancient times, but the limits of the Vaudois territory have undergone repeated curtailment, and now only seven remain, lying between Pinerolo on the east and Monte Viso on the west--that pyramidal hill which forms so prominent an object from every part of the plain of Piedmont, towering as it does above the surrounding mountains, and, like a horn of silver, cutting the ebon of the firmament.
The first three valleys run out somewhat like the spokes of a wheel, the spot on which we stand--the gateway, namely--being the nave. The first is _Luserna_, or Valley of Light. It runs right out in a grand gorge of some twelve miles in length by about two in width. It wears a carpeting of meadows, which the waters of the Pelice keep ever fresh and bright. A profusion of vines, acacias, and mulberry-trees, fleck it with their shadows; and a wall of lofty mountains encloses it on either hand. The second is _Rora_, or Valley of Dews. It is a vast cup, some fifty miles in circumference, its sides luxuriantly clothed with meadow and corn-field, with fruit and forest trees, and its rim formed of craggy and peaked mountains, many of them snow-clad. The third is _Angrogna_, or Valley of Groans. Of it we shall speak more particularly afterwards. Beyond the extremity of the first three valleys are the remaining four, forming, as it were, the rim of the wheel. These last are enclosed in their turn by a line of lofty mountains, which form a wall of defence around the entire territory. Each valley is a fortress having its own gate of ingress and egress, with its caves, and rocks, and mighty chestnut-trees, forming places of retreat and shelter, so that the highest engineering skill could not have better adapted each several valley to this very purpose. It is not less remarkable that, taking all these valleys together, each is so related to each, the one opening into the other, that they may be said to form one fortress of amazing and matchless strength--wholly impregnable, in fact. All the fortresses of Europe, though combined, would not form a citadel so enormously strong, and so dazzlingly magnificent, as the mountain dwelling of the Vaudois. “The Eternal, our God,” says Leger, “having destined this land to be the theatre of his marvels, and the bulwark of his ark, has, by natural means, most marvellously fortified it.” The battle begun in one valley could be continued in another, and carried round the entire territory, till at last the invading foe, overpowered by the rocks rolled upon him from the mountains, or assailed by enemies which would start suddenly out of the mist or issue from some unsuspected cave, found retreat impossible, and, cut off in detail, left his bones to whiten the mountains he had come to subdue.
These valleys are lovely and fertile, as well as strong. They are watered by numerous torrents, which descend from the snows of the summits. The grassy carpet of their bottom; the mantling vine and the golden grain of their lower slopes; the châlets that dot their sides, sweetly embowered amid fruit-trees; and, higher up, the great chestnut-forests and the pasture-lands, where the herdsmen keep watch over their flocks all through the summer days and the starlit nights: the nodding crags, from which the torrent leaps into the light; the rivulet, singing with quiet gladness in the shady nook; the mists, moving grandly among the mountains, now veiling, now revealing, their majesty; and the far-off summits, tipped with silver, to be changed at eve into gleaming gold--make up a picture of blended beauty and grandeur, not equalled, perhaps, and certainly not surpassed, in any other region of the earth.
In the heart of their mountains is situated the most interesting, perhaps, of all their valleys. It was in this retreat, walled round by “hills whose heads touch heaven,” that their _barbes_ or pastors, from all their several parishes, were wont to meet in annual synod. It was here that their college stood, and it was here that their missionaries were trained, and, after ordination, were sent forth to sow the good seed, as opportunity offered, in other lands. Let us visit this valley. We ascend to it by the long, narrow, and winding Angrogna. Bright meadows enliven its entrance. The mountains on either hand are clothed with the vine, the mulberry, and the chestnut. Anon the valley contracts. It becomes rough with projecting rocks, and shady with great trees. A few paces farther, and it expands into a circular basin, feathery with birches, musical with falling waters, environed atop by naked crags, fringed with dark pines, while the white peak looks down out of heaven. A little in advance the valley seems shut in by a mountainous wall, drawn right across it; and beyond, towering sublimely upward, is seen an assemblage of snow-clad Alps, amid which is placed the valley we are in quest of, where burned of old the candle of the Waldenses. Some terrible convulsion has rent this mountain from top to bottom, opening a path through it to the valley beyond. We enter the dark chasm, and proceed along on a narrow ledge in the mountain’s side, hung half-way between the torrent, which is heard thundering in the abyss below, and the summits which lean over us above. Journeying thus for about two miles, we find the pass beginning to widen, the light to break in, and now we arrive at the gate of the Pra.