PROFESSOR KURTZ.
_AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION FROM LATEST REVISED EDITION BY THE_
REV. JOHN MACPHERSON, M.A.
_SECOND EDITION._
London:
HODDER AND STOUGHTON,
27, PATERNOSTER ROW.
MDCCCXCII.
BUTLER & TANNER,
THE SELWOOD PRINTING WORKS,
FROME, AND LONDON.
CONTENTS.
SECOND DIVISION.
(Continued.)
SECOND SECTION.
HISTORY OF THE GERMANO-ROMANIC CHURCH,
FROM THE 10TH TO THE 13TH CENTURY.
I. The Spread of Christianity.
§ 93. MISSIONARY ENTERPRISES. (1) The Scandinavian Mission Field. (2) Denmark. (3) Sweden. (4) The Norwegians. (5) In the North-Western Group of Islands. (6) The Slavo-Magyar Mission-field. (7) The Poles. (8) Hungary. (9) The Wendish Races. (10) Pomerania. (11) Mission Work among the Finns and Lithuanians. (12) Esthonia, Livonia, and Courland. (13) The Prussians. (14) Lithuania. (15) The Mongolian Mission Field. (16) The Mission Field of Islam.
§ 94. THE CRUSADES. (1) The First Crusade, A.D. 1096. (2) The Second Crusade, A.D. 1147. (3) The Third Crusade, A.D. 1189. (4) The Fourth Crusade, A.D. 1217. (5) The Fifth Crusade, A.D. 1228. (6) The Sixth, A.D. 1248, and Seventh, A.D. 1270, Crusades.
§ 95. ISLAM AND THE JEWS IN EUROPE. (1) Islam in Sicily. (2) Islam in Spain. (3) The Jews in Europe.
II.--The Hierarchy, the Clergy, and the Monks.
§ 96. THE PAPACY AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE GERMAN NATIONALITIES. (1) The Romish Pornocracy and the Emperor Otto I., (2) The Times of Otto II., III., A.D. 973-1002. (3) Otto III.; Pope Sylvester II. (4) From Henry II. to the Synod at Sutri, A.D. 1002-1046. (5) Henry III. and his German Popes, A.D. 1046-1057. (6) The Papacy under the Control of Hildebrand, (7) Gregory VII., A.D. 1073-1085. (8) Gregory’s Contention with Henry IV. (9) The Central Idea in Gregory’s Policy. (10) Victor III. and Urban II., A.D. 1086-1099. (11) Paschalis II., Gelasius II., and Calixtus II., (12) English Investiture Controversy. (13) The Times of Lothair III. and Conrad III., (14) The Times of Frederick I. and Henry VI., (15) Alexander III., A.D. 1159-1181. (16) The Times of King Henry II. and Coelestine III., (17) Innocent III., A.D. 1198-1216. (18) ---- Fourth Lateran Council of A.D. 1215. (19) The Times of Frederick II. and his Successors, (20) Innocent IV. and his Successors, A.D. 1243-1268. (21) The Times of the House of Anjou down to Boniface VIII., (22) Nicholas III. to Coelestine V., A.D. 1277-1294. (23) Temporal Power of the Popes.
§ 97. THE CLERGY. (1) The Roman College of Cardinals. (2) The Political Importance of the Superior Clergy. (3) The Bishops and the Cathedral Chapter. (4) Endeavours to Reform the Clergy. (5) The Pataria of Milan.
§ 98. MONASTIC ORDERS AND INSTITUTIONS.
(1) Offshoots of the Benedictines.
1. The Brethren of Clugny.
2. The Congregation of the Camaldolites.
3. The Order of Vallombrosa.
4. The Cistercians.
5. The Congregation of Scottish Monasteries.
(2) New Monkish Orders.
1. The Order of Grammont.
2. The Order of St. Anthony.
3. The Order of Fontevraux.
4. The Order of the Gilbertines.
5. The Carthusian Order.
6. The Premonstratensian Order.
7. The Trinitarian Order.
8. The Coelestine Order.
(3) The Beginnings of the Franciscan Order down to A.D. 1219.
(4) The Franciscans from A.D. 1219 to A.D. 1223.
(5) The Franciscans from A.D. 1223.
(6) Party Divisions within the Franciscan Order.
(7) The Dominican or Preaching Order.
(8) The Dominican Constitutional Rules.
(9) The Female Orders.
1. Dominican Nuns.
2. Nuns of St. Clara.
(10) The other Mendicant Orders.
(11) Penitential Brotherhoods and Tertiaries of the
Mendicant Orders.
(12) Working Guilds of a Monkish Order.
(13) The Spiritual Order of Knights.
1. The Templars.
2. The Knights of St. John.
3. The Order of Teutonic Knights.
4. The Knights of the Cross.
(14) Bridge-Brothers and Mercedarians.
III. Theological Science and its Controversies.
§ 99. SCHOLASTICISM IN GENERAL. (1) Dialectic and Mysticism. (2) The Philosophical Basis of Dialectic Scholasticism. (3) The Nurseries of Scholasticism. (4) The Epochs of Scholasticism. (5) The Canon Law. (6) Historical Literature.
§ 100. THE _SAECULUM OBSCURUM_: THE 10TH CENTURY. (1) Classical Studies--Germany; England. (2) ---- Italy; France.
§ 101. THE ELEVENTH CENTURY.
(1) The Most Celebrated Schoolmen of this Century.
1. Fulbert.
2. Berengar of Tours.
3. Lanfranc.
4. Hildebert of Tours.
5. Anselm of Canterbury.
6. Anselm of Laon.
7. William of Champeaux.
8. Guibert of Nogent.
(2) Berengar’s Eucharist Controversy, A.D. 1050-1079.
(3) Anselm’s Controversies.
§ 102. THE TWELFTH CENTURY.
(1) The Contest on French Soil.
I. The Dialectic Side of the Gulf--Peter Abaelard.
(2) ---- Abaelard’s Teachings.
(3) II. The Mystic Side of the Gulf--St. Bernard
of Clairvaux.
(4) III. Bridging the Gulf from the Side of Mysticism.
(5) IV. Bridging the Gulf from the Side of Dialectics.
(6) The Controversy on German Soil.
(7) Theologians of a Pre-eminently Biblical and
Ecclesiastico-Practical Tendency.
1. Alger of Liège.
2. Rupert of Deutz.
3. Hervaeus.
(8) 4. John of Salisbury.
5. Walter of St. Victor.
6. Innocent III.
(9) Humanist Philosophers.
§ 103. THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY.
(1) The Writings of Aristotle and his Arabic Interpreters.
(2) Theory of a twofold Truth.
(3) The Appearance of the Mendicant Orders.
(4) Distinguished Franciscan Schoolmen.
(5) Distinguished Dominican Schoolmen--Albert the Great.
(6) ---- Thomas Aquinas.
(7) Reformers of the Scholastic Method--Raimund Lull.
(8) ---- Roger Bacon.
(9) Theologians of a Biblical and Practical Tendency.
1. Caesarius of Heisterbach.
2. William Peraldus.
3. Hugo of St. Caro.
4. Robert of Sorbon.
5. Raimund Martini.
(10) Precursors of the German Speculative Mystics.
IV. The Church and the People.
§ 104. PUBLIC WORSHIP AND ART. (1) The Liturgy and the Sermon. (2) Definition and Number of the Sacraments. (3) The Sacrament of the Altar. (4) Penance. (5) Extreme Unction. (6) The Sacrament of Marriage. (7) New Festivals. (8) The Veneration of Saints. (9) St. Ursula and her 11,000 Virgins. (10) Hymnology. (11) Church Music. (12) Ecclesiastical Architecture. (13) Free Mason Lodges. (14) Statuary and Painting.
§ 105. NATIONAL CUSTOMS AND THE NATIONAL LITERATURE.
(1) Knighthood and the Peace of God.
(2) Popular Customs.
(3) Two Royal Saints.
(4) Evidences of Sainthood.
1. Stigmatization.
2. Bilocation.
(5) Religious Culture of the People.
(6) The National Literature.
§ 106. CHURCH DISCIPLINE, INDULGENCES, AND ASCETICISM. (1) Ban and Interdict. (2) Indulgences. (3) The Church Doctrine of the Hereafter. (4) Flagellation.
§ 107. FEMALE MYSTICS. (1) Two Rhenish Prophetesses of the 12th Century. (2) Three Thuringian Prophetesses of the 13th Century.
V. Heretical Opposition to Ecclesiastical Authority.
§ 108. THE PROTESTERS AGAINST THE CHURCH.
(1) The Cathari.
(2) ---- Their Theological Systems.
(3) The Pasagians.
(4) Pantheistic Heretics.
1. Amalrich of Bena.
2. David of Dinant.
3. The Ortlibarians.
(5) Apocalyptic Heretics.
(6) Ghibelline Joachites.
(7) Revolutionary Reformers.
1. The Petrobrusians.
2. Arnold of Brescia.
(8) 3. The Pastorelles.
4. The Apostolic Brothers.
(9) Reforming Enthusiasts.
1. Tanchelm.
2. Eon de Stella.
(10) The Waldensians.
1. Their Origin.
(11) 2. Their Divisions.
(12) 3. Attempts at Catholicizing.
(13) 4. The French Societies.
(14) ---- An Alternate Origin.
(15) 5. The Lombard-German Branch.
(16) 6. Relations between the Waldensians and Older
and Contemporary Sects.
§ 109. THE CHURCH AGAINST THE PROTESTERS. (1) The Albigensian Crusade, A.D. 1209-1229. (2) The Inquisition. (3) Conrad of Marburg and the Stedingers.
THIRD SECTION.
HISTORY OF THE GERMANO-ROMANIC CHURCH IN THE
14TH AND 15TH CENTURIES (A.D. 1294-1517).
I. The Hierarchy, Clergy, and Monks.
§ 110. THE PAPACY. (1) Boniface VIII. and Benedict XI., A.D. 1294-1304. (2) The Papacy during the Babylonian Exile, A.D. 1305-1377. (3) John XXII., A.D. 1316-1334. (4) Benedict XII., A.D. 1334-1342. (5) Innocent VI. to Gregory XI., A.D. 1352-1378. (6) The Papal Schism and the Council of Pisa, A.D. 1378-1410. (7) The Council of Constance and Martin V., A.D. 1410-1431. (8) Eugenius IV. and the Council of Basel, A.D. 1431-1449. (9) Pragmatic Sanction, A.D. 1438. (10) Nicholas V. to Pius II., A.D. 1447-1464. (11) Paul II., Sixtus IV. and Innocent VII., A.D. 1464-1492. (12) Alexander VI., A.D. 1492-1503. (13) Julius II., A.D. 1503-1513. (15) Papal Claims to Sovereignty. (16) The Papal Curia.
§ 111. THE CLERGY. (1) The Moral Condition of the Clergy. (2) Commendator Abbots.
§ 112. MONASTIC ORDERS AND SOCIETIES.
(1) The Benedictine Orders.
(2) The Franciscans.
(3) The Observants and Conventuals.
(4) The Dominicans.
(5) The Augustinians.
(6) John von Staupitz.
(7) Overthrow of the Templars.
(8) New Orders.
1. Hieronymites.
2. Jesuates.
3. Minimi.
4. Nuns of St. Bridget.
5. Annunciate Order.
(9) The Brothers of the Common Life.
II. Theological Science.
§ 113. SCHOLASTICISM AND ITS REFORMERS.
(1) John Duns Scotus.
(2) Thomists and Scotists.
(3) Nominalists and Realists.
(4) Casuistry.
(5) The Founder of Natural Theology--Raimund of Sabunde.
(6) Nicholas of Cusa.
(7) Biblical and Practical Theologians.
1. Nicholas of Lyra.
2. Antonine of Florence.
3. John Trithemius.
§ 114. THE GERMAN MYSTICS.
(1) Meister Eckhart.
(2) Mystics of Upper Germany after Eckhart.
(3) The Friend of God in the Uplands.
(4) Nicholas of Basel.
(5) Henry Suso.
(6) Henry of Nördlingen.
(7) Mystics of the Netherlands.
1. John of Ruysbroek.
2. Hendrik Mande.
3. Gerlach Peters.
4. Thomas à Kempis.
III. The Church and the People.
§ 115A. PUBLIC WORSHIP AND THE RELIGIOUS EDUCATION OF THE PEOPLE. (1) Fasts and Festivals. (2) Preaching. (3) The _Biblia Pauperum_. (4) The Bible in the Vernacular. (5) Catechisms and Prayer Books. (6) The Dance of Death. (7) Hymnology. (8) Church Music. (9) Legendary Relics.
§ 115B. NATIONAL LITERATURE AND ECCLESIASTICAL ART. (10) The Italian National Literature. (11) The German National Literature. (12) The Sacred Drama. (13) Architecture and Painting.
§ 116. POPULAR MOVEMENTS. (1) Two National Saints. (2) The Maid of Orleans, A.D. 1428-1431. (3) Lollards, Flagellants, and Dancers. (4) The Friends of God. (5) Pantheistic Libertine Societies.
§ 117. CHURCH DISCIPLINE. (1) Indulgences. (2) The Inquisition. (3) The Bull “_In Coena Domini_.” (4) Prosecution of Witches.
IV. Attempts at Reformation.
§ 118. ATTEMPTED REFORMS IN CHURCH POLITY.
(1) The Literary War between Imperialists and Curialists
in the 14th Century.
(2) ---- Continued.
(3) Reforming Councils of the 15th Century.
(4) Friends of Reform in France during the 15th Century.
1. Peter d’Ailly.
2. Jean Charlier (Gerson).
3. Nicholas of Clemanges.
4. Louis d’Aleman.
(5) Friends of Reform in Germany.
1. Henry of Langenstein.
2. Theodorich or Dietrich of Niem.
3. Gregory of Heimburg.
4. Jacob of Jüterboyk [Jüterbock].
5. Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa.
6. Felix Hemmerlin.
7. The Reformation of the Emperor Sigismund.
(6) An Italian Apostate from the Basel Liberal
Party--AEneas Sylvius Piccolomini.
(7) Reforms in Church Policy in Spain.
§ 119. EVANGELICAL EFFORTS AT REFORM.
(1) Wiclif and the Wiclifites.
(2) Precursors of the Hussite Movement.
1. Conrad of Waldhausen.
2. John Milicz of Cremsier.
3. Matthias of Janow.
(3) John Huss of Hussinecz.
(4) ---- Rector of the University of Prague.
(5) ---- Council of Constance; Trial; Execution.
(6) ---- His Teachings.
(7) Calixtines and Taborites.
(8) The Bohemian and Moravian Brethren.
(9) The Waldensians.
1. Lombard-German Waldensians.
(9A) 2. French Waldensians.
(10) The Dutch Reformers.
1. John Pupper of Goch.
2. John Ruchrath of Wesel.
3. John Wessel.
4. Nicholas Russ.
(11) An Italian Reformer--Jerome Savonarola.
§ 120. THE REVIVAL OF LEARNING. (1) Italian Humanists. (2) German Humanism--University of Erfurt. (3) ---- Other Schools. (4) John Reuchlin. (5) _Epistolae obscurorum virorum._ (6) Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam. (7) Humanism in England. (8) Humanism in France and Spain. (9) Humanism and the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century.
THIRD DIVISION.
History of the Development of the Church under Modern European Forms of Civilization.
§ 121. CHARACTER AND DISTRIBUTION OF MODERN CHURCH HISTORY.
FIRST SECTION.
CHURCH HISTORY OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.
I. The Reformation.
§ 122. THE BEGINNINGS OF THE WITTENBERG REFORMATION. (1) Luther’s Years of Preparation. (2) Luther’s Theses of A.D. 1517. (3) Prierias, Cajetan, and Miltitz, A.D. 1518, 1519. (4) The Leipzig Disputation, A.D. 1519. (5) Philip Melanchthon. (6) George Spalatin.
§ 123. LUTHER’S PERIOD OF CONFLICT, A.D. 1520, 1521. (1) Luther’s Three Chief Reformation Writings, A.D. 1520. (2) The Papal Bull of Excommunication, A.D. 1520. (3) Erasmus, A.D. 1520. (4) Luther’s Controversy with Emser, A.D. 1519-1521. (5) The Emperor Charles V. (6) The Diet at Worms, A.D. 1521. (7) Luther at Wittenberg after the Diet. (8) The Wartburg Exile, A.D. 1521, 1522. (9) The Attitude of Frederick the Wise to the Reformation.
§ 124. DETERIORATION AND PURIFICATION OF THE WITTENBERG REFORMATION, A.D. 1522-1525. (1) The Wittenberg Fanaticism, A.D. 1521, 1522. (2) Franz von Sickingen, A.D. 1522, 1523. (3) Andrew Bodenstein of Carlstadt, A.D. 1524, 1525. (4) Thomas Münzer, A.D. 1523, 1524. (5) The Peasant War, A.D. 1524, 1525.
§ 125. FRIENDS AND FOES OF LUTHER’S DOCTRINE, A.D. 1522-1526. (1) Spread of Evangelical Views. (2) “The Sum of Holy Scripture” and its Author. (3) Henry VIII. and Erasmus. (4) Thomas Murner. (5) “_Onus ecclesiae._”
§ 126. DEVELOPMENT OF THE REFORMATION IN THE EMPIRE, A.D. 1522-1526. (1) The Diet at Nuremberg, A.D. 1522, 1523. (2) The Diet at Nuremberg, A.D. 1524. (3) The Convention at Regensburg, A.D. 1524. (4) The Evangelical Nobles, A.D. 1524. (5) The Torgau League, A.D. 1526. (6) The Diet of Spires, A.D. 1526.
§ 127. ORGANIZATION OF THE EVANGELICAL PROVINCIAL CHURCHES, (1) The Organization of the Church of the Saxon Electorate, A.D. 1527-1529. (2) The Organization of the Hessian Churches, (3) Organization of other German Provincial Churches, (4) The Reformation in the Cities of Northern Germany,
§ 128. MARTYRS FOR EVANGELICAL TRUTH, A.D. 1521-1529.
§ 129. LUTHER’S PRIVATE AND PUBLIC LIFE, A.D. 1523-1529. (1) Luther’s Literary Works. (2) Döllinger’s View of Luther.
§ 130. THE REFORMATION IN GERMAN SWITZERLAND, A.D. 1519-1531. (1) Ulrich Zwingli. (2) The Reformation in Zürich, A.D. 1519-1525. (3) Reformation in Basel, A.D. 1520-1525. (4) The Reformation in the other Cantons, A.D. 1520-1525. (5) Anabaptist Outbreak, A.D. 1525. (6) Disputation at Baden, A.D. 1526. (7) Disputation at Bern, A.D. 1528. (8) Complete Victory of the Reformation at Basel, St. Gall, and Schaffhausen, A.D. 1529. (9) The first Treaty of Cappel, A.D. 1529. (10) The Second Treaty of Cappel, A.D. 1531.
§ 131. THE SACRAMENTARIAN CONTROVERSY, A.D. 1525-1529.
§ 132. THE PROTEST AND CONFESSION OF THE EVANGELICAL NOBLES, (1) The Pack Incident, A.D. 1527, 1528. (2) The Emperor’s Attitude, A.D. 1527-1529. (3) The Diet at Spires, A.D. 1529. (4) The Marburg Conference, A.D. 1529. (5) The Convention of Schwabach and the Landgrave Philip. (6) The Diet of Augsburg, A.D. 1530. (7) The Augsburg Confession, 25th June, A.D. 1530. (8) The Conclusions of the Diet of Augsburg.
§ 133. INCIDENTS OF THE YEARS A.D. 1531-1536. (1) The Founding of the Schmalcald League, (2) The Peace of Nuremberg, A.D. 1532. (3) The Evangelization of Württemberg, (4) The Reformation in Anhalt and Pomerania, (5) The Reformation in Westphalia, A.D. 1532-1534. (6) Disturbances at Münster, A.D. 1534, 1535. (7) Extension of the Schmalcald league, A.D. 1536. (8) The Wittenberg Concordat of A.D. 1536.
§ 134. INCIDENTS OF THE YEARS A.D. 1537-1539. (1) The Schmalcald Articles, A.D. 1537. (2) The League of Nuremberg, A.D. 1538. (3) The Frankfort Interim, A.D. 1539. (4) The Reformation in Albertine Saxony, A.D. 1539. (5) The Reformation in Brandenburg and Neighbouring States, A.D. 1539.
§ 135. UNION ATTEMPTS OF A.D. 1540-1546. (1) The Double Marriage of the Landgrave, A.D. 1540. (2) The Religious Conference at Worms, A.D. 1540. (3) The Religious Conference at Regensburg, A.D. 1541. (4) The Regensburg Declaration, A.D. 1541. (5) The Naumburg Bishopric, A.D. 1541, 1542. (6) The Reformation in Brunswick and the Palatinate, (7) The Reformation in the Electorate of Cologne, (8) The Emperor’s Difficulties, A.D. 1543, 1544. (9) Diet at Spires, A.D. 1544. (10) Differences between the Emperor and the Protestant Nobles, A.D. 1545, 1546. (11) Luther’s Death, A.D. 1546.
§ 136. THE SCHMALCALD WAR, THE INTERIM, AND THE COUNCIL, (1) Preparations for the Schmalcald War, A.D. 1546. (2) The Campaign on the Danube, A.D. 1546. (3) The Campaign on the Elbe, A.D. 1547. (4) The Council of Trent, A.D. 1545-1547. (5) The Augsburg Interim, A.D. 1548. (6) The Execution of the Interim. (7) The Leipzig or Little Interim, A.D. 1549. (8) The Council again at Trent, A.D. 1551.
§ 137A. MAURICE AND THE PEACE OF AUGSBURG A.D. 1550-1555. (1) The State of Matters in A.D. 1550. (2) The Elector Maurice, A.D. 1551. (3) The Compact of Passau, A.D. 1552. (4) Death of Maurice, A.D. 1553. (5) The Religious Peace of Augsburg, A.D. 1555.
§ 137B. GERMANY AFTER THE RELIGIOUS PEACE. (6) The Worms Consultation, A.D. 1557. (7) Second Attempt at Reformation in the Electorate of Cologne, A.D. 1582. (8) The German Emperors, A.D. 1556-1612.
§ 138. THE REFORMATION IN FRENCH SWITZERLAND. (1) Calvin’s Predecessors, A.D. 1526-1535. (2) Calvin before his Genevan Ministry. (3) Calvin’s First Ministry in Geneva, A.D. 1536-1538. (4) Calvin’s Second Ministry in Geneva, A.D. 1541-1564. (5) Calvin’s Writings. (6) Calvin’s Doctrine. (7) The Victory of Calvinism over Zwinglianism. (8) Calvin’s Successor in Geneva.
§ 139. THE REFORMATION IN OTHER LANDS.
(1) Sweden.
(2) Denmark and Norway.
(3) Courland, Livonia, and Esthonia.
(4) England--Henry VIII.
(5) ---- Edward VI.
(6) ---- Elizabeth.
(7) Ireland.
(8) Scotland.
(9) ---- John Knox.
(10) ---- Queen Mary Stuart.
(11) ---- John Knox and Queen Mary Stuart.
(12) The Netherlands.
(13) France.
---- Francis I.
---- Henry II.
(14) ---- Huguenots.
---- Francis II.
---- Charles IX.
(15) ---- Persecution of the Huguenots.
(16) ---- The Bloody Marriage--Massacre of St. Bartholomew.
(17) ---- Henry III.
---- Henry IV.
---- Edict of Nantes.
(18) Poland.
(19) Bohemia and Moravia.
(20) Hungary and Transylvania.
(21) Spain.
(22) Italy.
(23) ---- Aonio Paleario.
(24) 1. Bernardino Ochino.
2. Peter Martyr Vermilius.
3. Peter Paul Vergerius.
4. Coelius Secundus Curio.
5. Galeazzo Carraccioli.
6. Fulvia Olympia Morata.
(25) The Protestantizing of the Waldensians.
(26) Attempt at Protestantizing the Eastern Church.
II. The Churches of the Reformation.
§ 140. THE DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER OF THE LUTHERAN CHURCH.
§ 141. DOCTRINAL CONTROVERSIES IN THE LUTHERAN CHURCH. (1) The Antinomian Controversy, A.D. 1537-1541. (2) The Osiander Controversy, A.D. 1549-1556. (3) AEpinus Controversy; Kargian Controversy. (4) The Philippists and their Opponents. (5) The Adiaphorist Controversy, A.D. 1548-1555. (6) The Majorist Controversy, A.D. 1551-1562. (7) The Synergistic Controversy, A.D. 1555-1567. (8) The Flacian Controversy about Original Sin, (9) The Lutheran Doctrine of the Lord’s Supper. (10) Cryptocalvinism in its First Stage, A.D. 1552-1574. (11) The Frankfort Compact, A.D. 1558, and the Naumburg Assembly of Princes, A.D. 1561. (12) The Formula of Concord, A.D. 1577. (13) Second Stage of Cryptocalvinism, A.D. 1586-1592. (14) The Huber Controversy, A.D. 1588-1595. (15) The Hofmann Controversy in Helmstadt, A.D. 1598.
§ 142. CONSTITUTION, WORSHIP, LIFE, AND SCIENCE IN THE LUTHERAN CHURCH. (1) The Ecclesiastical Constitution. (2) Public Worship and Art. (3) Church Song--Luther and early Authors. (4) ---- Later Authors. (5) Chorale Singing. (6) Theological Science. (7) German National Literature. (8) Missions to the Heathen.
§ 143. THE INNER DEVELOPMENT OF THE REFORMED CHURCH. (1) The Ecclesiastical Constitution. (2) Public Worship. (3) The English Puritans. (4) ---- The Brownists. (5) Theological Science. (6) Philosophy. (7) A Missionary Enterprise.
§ 144. CALVINIZING OF GERMAN LUTHERAN NATIONAL CHURCHES. (1) The Palatinate, A.D. 1560. (2) Bremen, A.D. 1562. (3) Anhalt, A.D. 1597.
III. THE DEFORMATION.
§ 145. CHARACTER OF THE DEFORMATION.
§ 146. MYSTICISM AND PANTHEISM. (1) Schwenkfeld and his Followers. (2) Agrippa, Paracelsus, and Weigel. (3) Franck, Thamer, and Bruno. (4) The Pantheistic Libertine Sects of the Spirituals. (5) The Familists.
§ 147. ANABAPTISM.
(1) The Anabaptist Movement in General.
(2) Keller’s View of Anabaptist History.
(3) The Swiss Anabaptists.
(4) The South German Anabaptists.
(5) The Moravian Anabaptists.
(6) The Venetian Anabaptists.
(7) The older Apostles of Anabaptism in the North-West
of Germany.
1. Melchior Hoffmann.
2. Melchior Ring.
(8) Jan Matthys of Haarlem.
(9) The Münster Catastrophe, A.D. 1534, 1535.
(10) Menno Simons and the Mennonites.
§ 148. ANTITRINITARIANS AND UNITARIANS. (1) Anabaptist Antitrinitarians in Germany. (2) Michael Servetus. (3) Italian and other Antitrinitarians before Socinus. (4) The Two Socini and the Socinians.
IV. THE COUNTER-REFORMATION.
§ 149. THE INTERNAL STRENGTHENING AND REVIVAL OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH. (1) The Popes before the Council. (2) The Popes of the Time of the Council. (3) The Popes after the Council. (4) Papal Infallibility. (5) The Prophecy of St. Malachi. (6) Reformation of Old Monkish Orders. (7) New Orders for Home Missions. (8) The Society of Jesus--Founding of the Order. (9) ---- Constitution. (10) ---- The Doctrinal and Moral System. (11) Jesuit Influence upon Worship and Superstition. (12) Educational Methods and Institutions of the Jesuits. (13) Theological Controversies. (14) Theological Literature. (15) Art and Poetry. (16) The Spanish Mystics. (17) Practical Christian life.
§ 150. FOREIGN MISSIONS. (1) Missions to the Heathen--East Indies and China. (2) ---- Japan. (3) ---- America. (4) Schismatical Churches of the East.
§ 151. ATTEMPTED REGENERATION OF ROMAN CATHOLICISM. (1) Attempts at Regeneration in Germany. (2) Throughout Europe. (3) Russia and the United Greeks.
NOTE BY TRANSLATOR.
While the translator was working from the ninth edition of 1885, a tenth edition had appeared during 1887, to which unfortunately his attention was not called until quite recently. The principal additions and alterations affecting Vol. II. occur in §§ 98, 108, 119, and 147. On the section dealing with Anabaptism, the important changes have been made in the text, so that § 147 precisely corresponds to its latest and most perfect form in the original. As the printing of the volume was then far advanced, it was impossible thus to deal with the earlier sections, but students will find references in the Table of Contents to the full translation in the Appendix of those passages where material alterations have been introduced.
JOHN MACPHERSON.
FINDHORN, _March, 1889_.
SECOND DIVISION.
(Continued.)
SECOND SECTION.
HISTORY OF THE GERMANO-ROMANIC CHURCH,
FROM THE 10TH TO THE 13TH CENTURY.
I. The Spread of Christianity.
§ 93. MISSIONARY ENTERPRISES.
During this period the Christianizing of Europe was well nigh finished. Only Lapland and Lithuania were reserved for the following period. The method used in conversion was still the same. Besides missionaries, warriors also extended the faith. Monasteries and castles were the centres of the newly founded Christianity. Political considerations and Christian princesses converted pagan princes; their subjects followed either under violent pressure or with quiet resignation, carrying with them, however, under the cover of a Christian profession, much of their old heathen superstition. It was the policy of the German emperors to make every effort to unite the converted races under the German metropolitans, and to establish this union. Thus the metropolitanate of Hamburg-Bremen was founded for the Scandinavians and those of the Baltic provinces, that of Magdeburg for the Poles and the Northern Slavs, that of Mainz for the Bohemians, that of Passau and Salzburg for the Hungarians. But it was Rome’s desire to emancipate them from the German clergy and the German state, and to set them up as independent metropolitanates of a great family of Christian nationalities recognising the pope as their spiritual father (§ 82, 9). The Western church did now indeed make a beginning of missionary enterprise, which extended in its range beyond Europe to the Mongols of Asia and the Saracens of Africa, but throughout this period it remained without any, or at least without any important, result.
§ 93.1. =The Scandinavian Mission Field.=--The work of Ansgar and Rimbert (§ 80) had extended only to the frontier provinces of Jutland and to the trading ports of Sweden, and even the churches founded there had in the meantime become almost extinct. A renewal of the mission could not be thought of, owing to the robber raids of =Normans= or =Vikings=, who during the ninth and tenth centuries had devastated all the coasts. But it was just those Viking raids that in another way opened a door again for the entrance of missionaries into those lands. Many of the home-going Vikings, who had been resident for a while abroad, had there been converted to the Christian faith, and carried back the knowledge of it to their homes. In France the Norwegians under Rollo founded Normandy in A.D. 912. In the tenth century the entire northern half of England fell into the hands of the Danes, and finally, in A.D. 1013, the Danish King Sweyn conquered the whole country. Both in France and in England the incomers adopted the profession of Christianity, and this, owing to the close connection maintained with their earlier homes, led to the conversion of Norway and Denmark.