New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. I: Aachen - Basilians

Name: New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. I: Aachen - Basilians
Author: Philip Schaff (ed.)

by Philip Schaff (ed.)

Church History 2.7 MB

Year: 1914

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THE NEW

SCHAFF-HERZOG

ENCYCLOPEDIA

RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE

Editor-in-Chief

SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.

Editor-in-Chief

Supplementary Volumes

Associate Professor of Church History

Princeton Theological Seminary

BAKER BOOK HOUSE

GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN

THE NEW

SCHAFF-HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA

RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE

EMBRACING

BIBLICAL, HISTORICAL, DOCTRINAL, AND PRACTICAL THEOLOGY

AND BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL, AND ECCLESIASTICAL

BIOGRAPHY FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES

TO THE PRESENT DAY

Based on the Third Edition of the Realencyklopädie Founded by J. J. Herzog, and Edited by Albert Hauck

PREPARED BY MORE THAN SIX HUNDRED SCHOLARS AND SPECIALISTS

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.

(Editor-in-Chief)

WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF

CHARLES COLEBROOK SHERMAN

AND

GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.

(Associate Editors)

AND THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT EDITORS

CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.

(Department of Systematic Theology)

HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D.

(Department of Minor Denominations)

JOHN THOMAS CREAGH, D.D.

(Department of Liturgics and Religious Orders)

(VOL. I.)

JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.

(Department of Liturgics and Religious Orders)

(VOLS. II. TO XII.)

(Department of the Old Testament)

HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.

(Department of the New Testament)

ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.

(Department of Church History)

FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A.

(Department of Pronunciation and Typography)

VOLUME I

AACHEN-BASILIANS

BAKER BOOK HOUSE

GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN

1951

EXCLUSIVE AMERICAN PUBLICATION RIGHTS

SECURED BY BAKER BOOK HOUSE FROM FUNK AND WAGNALLS

1949

LITHOPRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

CUSHING-MALLOY, INC., ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN

EDITORS

SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.

(Editor-in-Chief.)

Professor of Church History, New York University.

ASSOCIATE EDITORS

CHARLES COLEBROOK SHERMAN

Editor in Biblical Criticism and Theology on "The New International Encyclopedia," New York.

GEORGE WILLLAM GILMORE, M.A.

New York, Formerly Professor of Biblical History and Lecturer on Comparative Religion, Bangor Theological Seminary.

DEPARTMENT EDITORS, VOLUME I

CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.

(Department of Systematic Theology.) Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Seminary.

HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D.

(Department of Minor Denominations.) One of the Corresponding Secretaries of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church, New York.

JOHN THOMAS CREAGH, D.D.

(Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders.) Professor of Canon Law, Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C.

(Office Editor.) Member of the Editorial Staff of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, Company, New York City.

(Department of the Old Testament.) Professor of Oriental Languages, University College, Toronto.

HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.

(Department of the New Testament.) Professor of the Literature and Interpretation of the New Testament, Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass.

ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.

(Department of Church History.) Professor of Church History, Baylor Theological Seminary (Baylor University), Waco, Tex.

FRANK HORACE VIZRETELLY, F.S.A.

(Department of Pronunciation and Typography.) Managing Editor of the Standard Dictionary, etc., New York City.

CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS, VOLUME I

Professor of Church History, University of Halle.

SAMUEL JAMES ANDREWS (),

Late Pastor of the Catholic Apostolic Church, Hartford, Conn.

Professor of Church History, Evangelical Theological Faculty, University of Breslau.

CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.,

Professor Of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Seminary.

Professor of Church History, University of Königsberg.

Formerly Privat-docent in Old Testament Theology, University of Berlin. Member of the Executive Committee of the German Society for the Exploration of Palestine, Jerusalem.

Pastor of St. Michael's Church and President of the Society for the Inner Mission, Hamburg.

EDWIN MUNSELL BLISS, D.D.,

Editor of the Encyclopedia of Missions, etc., Washington, D. C.

Formerly Professor of Romance Languages, Universities of Halle and Strasburg.

AMY GASTON BONET-MAURY, D.D., LL.D,

Professor of Church History, Independent School of Divinity, Paris.

Professor of Church History, University of Göttingen.

Professor of the New Testament and Church History, University of Greifswald.

Formerly Pastor at Nabery near Kirchheim, Württemberg.

Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Göttingen.

Professor of Church History, University of Leipsic.

CHARLES AUGUSTUS BRIGGS, D.D., D.Litt. (Oxon.),

Professor of Theological Encyclopedia and Symbolics, Union Theological Seminary, New York.

Late Supreme Consistorial Councilor, Munich.

Professor of Oriental Languages, University of Copenhagen.

University Preacher and Professor of Practical Theology, Pedagogics, and Didactics, University of Erlangen.

ALEXIS IRENEE DU PONT COLEMAN, M.A.

Instructor of English, College of the City of New York.

JOHN THOMAS CREAGH, D.D.,

Professor of Canon Law, Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C.

Late Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Greifswald.

Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Leipsic, and President of the German Evangelical Archeological Institute, Jerusalem.

Professor of Church History, University of Berlin.

Supreme Consistorial Councilor, City Superintendent, and Pastor of the Church of the Cross, Dresden.

Professor of Practical Theology, University of Giessen.

Librarian, University of Greifswald.

Late Consistorial Councilor, Dessau.

HENRY OTIS DWIGHT, LL.D.,

Recording Secretary of the American Bible Society, New York.

Formerly General Superintendent and Honorary Professor of Church History, Evangelical Theological Faculty, University of Breslau.

Professor of Dogmatics and New Testament Exegesis, University of Erlangen.

Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Berlin.

BARR FERRKE,

Writer on Art and Architecture, New York City.

Professor of Church History, Evangelical Theological Faculty, University of Strasburg.

Late Professor of Church History, University of Halle.

NORMAN FOX (), D.D.,

Late Baptist Clergyman and Author, Morristown, N. J.

Gymnasial Professor, Parchim, Mecklenburg.

Professor of Ecclesiastical, Public, and German Law, University of Leipsic.

Late Professor of Classical Philology and Ancient History, University of Jena.

GEORGE WILLIAIM GILMORE, M.A.,

Formerly Lecturer on comparative Religion, Bangor Theological Seminary.

Professor of History, University of Tübingen.

Honorary Professor of Geography, Technical School, and Professor, Military Academy, Munich.

Late Professor of New Testament Exegesis, Ethics, and Practical Theology, Evangelical Theological Faculty, University of Tübingen.

Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Leipsic.

Formerly Professor of History and German in the Luisenstadt Real-Gymnasium, Berlin.

Professor of Church History, University of Berlin, and General Director of the Royal Library, Berlin.

Professor of Church History, University of Leipsic; Editor of the Realencyklopädie, Founded by J. J. Herzog.

Professor, and Director of the University Library, Giessen.

RICHARD HAUSMANN, Hist.D.,

Formerly Professor of History, Dorpat, Russia.

Consistorial Councilor, Professor of New Testament Theology and Exegesis, University of Greifswald.

Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Leipsic.

Dean, Neustadt-on-the-Aisch, Bavaria, Editor of Siona.

PAUL HINSCHIUS, (), Dr.Jur.,

Late Professor of Ecclesiastical Law, University of Berlin.

Pastor of the Church of St. Nicholas, Leipsic, Editor of the Allgemeine evangelisch-lutherische Kirchenseitung and of the Theologisches Literaturblatt.

Professor of Homiletics and Liturgies, University of Leipsic.

of Religion and the Old Testament in the University, Leipsic.

Professor of Dogmatics, University of Halle.

Consistorial Councilor, University Preacher, and Professor of Practical Theology, Evangelical Theological Faculty, University of Breslau.

Supreme Consistorial Councilor, Berlin.

Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Leipsic.

Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Kiel.

Late Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Erlangen.

Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, Evangelical Theological Faculty, University of Bonn.

Professor of Church History, University of Erlangen.

Professor of Church History, University of Giessen.

Professor of Systematic and Practical Theology, University of Greifswald.

Late Provincial Councilor for Schools, Hanover.

Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Heidelberg.

Chief Inspector of the Royal Orphan Asylum, Stuttgart.

Professor of Church History, University of Königsberg.

Professor of Aryan Languages, University of Leipsic.

Late Studiendirektor, Munich.

Professor of Church History, Evangelical Theological Faculty, Vienna.

Professor of Church History, University of Halle.

Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Erlangen.

Professor of Church History, University of Upsala, Sweden.

Professor of Oriental Languages, University College, Toronto.

GEORGE DUNCAN MATHEWS, D.D.,

Secretary of the Alliance of the Reformed Churches, London.

Supreme Consistorial Councilor, Member of the Royal Consistory, Hanover.

Professor of Church History, University of Marburg.

Professor of Reformed Theology, University of Erlangen.

Councilor for Schools, Leipsic.

Professor of Christian Archeology, University of Berlin.

HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.,

Professor of the Literature and Interpretation of the New Testament, Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass.

Professor in the Theological Seminary (Teacher of Hebrew, New Testament Greek, and Religion), Maulbronn, Württemberg.

Professor of the History of Art, University of Kiel.

ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.,

Professor of Church History, Baylor Theological Seminary (Baylor University), Waco, Texas.

Supreme Consistorial Councilor, Speyer, Bavaria.

Late Bishop of Aalborg, Denmark.

Professor of Old Testament Exegesis and History of Religion, University of Basel.

CHARLES PFENDER

Pastor of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, Parish of St. Paul, Paris.

General Secretary of the Brotherhood of Andrew and Philip, Philadelphia.

Pastor of the First German Evangelical Lutheran St. John's Church, Newark, N. J.

WILLIAM PRICE,

Formerly Instructor in French, Yale College and Sheffield Scientific School, New Haven, Conn.

TRAUGOTT OTTO RADLACH,

Pastor at Gatersleben, Prussian Saxony.

University Preacher and Professor of Practical Theology, University of Leipsic.

Late Professor of History, University of Amsterdam.

HUGO SACHSSE, Ph.D., Th.Lic., Dr.Jur.,

Professor of Ecclesiastical Law, University of Rostock.

KARL RUDOLF SAHRE,

Professor for Religious Instruction and Hebrew, Holy Cross Gymnasium, Dresden.

DAVID SCHLEY SCHAFF, D.D.,

Professor of Church History, Western Theological Seminary, Allegheny, Pa.

PHILIP SCHAFF (), D.D., LL.D.,

Late Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary, New York.

Pastor at Goldberg, Mecklenburg.

Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Göttingen.

Professor of Church History and Christian Archeology, University of Greifswald.

Professor of Systematic Theology. University of Rostock.

Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Berlin.

EMIL SEHLING, Dr.Jur.,

Professor of Ecclesiastical and Commercial Law, University of Erlangen.

Professor of Dogmatics and New Testament Exegesis, Evangelical Theological Faculty, University of Bonn.

Late Professor of Church History, University of Basel.

Professor of Egyptology, University of Leipsic.

Privy Councilor, Professor of the German Language and Literature, University of Erlangen.

Astor Library, New York City.

Professor of Church History, University of Göttingen.

Late Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Rostock.

BENJAMIN BRECKINRIDGE WARFIELD, D.D., LL.D.,

Professor of Didactic and Polemical Theology, Princeton Theological Seminary.

Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Marburg.

Pastor Primarius, Guben, Prussia.

Professor of Classical Philology, University of Munich.

Professor of New Testament Exegesis and Introduction, University of Erlangen.

Late Professor of Church History and Apologetics, University of Greifswald.

PREFACE

This encyclopedia presents in a condensed and modified form that great body of Protestant learning called the Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche, edited by Professor Albert Hauck, Ph.D., D.Th., D.Jur., the famous church historian of Germany. The German work is the third edition of that religious encyclopedia which was originally edited by the late Professor Johann Jakob Herzog and bore his name popularly as a convenient short title. The late Professor Philip Schaff was requested by his intimate friend Dr. Herzog to adapt the encyclopedia to the American public and this he did. To this combination of German and American scholarship the publishers gave the happy title of The Schaff-Herzog Encyclopaedia of Religious Knowledge. This name has been familiar to thousands of the religious public on both sides of the sea for the past twenty-five years and so has been preserved as the title of this publication, with the prefix "New."

The history of this encyclopedia up to the present is this: In December, 1853, there appeared at Gotha the first part of the Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche, which was the Protestant reply to the challenge of the Roman Catholic scholars engaged upon the Kirchenlexikon oder Encyklopädie der katholischen Theologie und ihrer Hülfswissenschaften, which had been appearing at Freiburg im Breisgau since 1846. The credit for suggesting the latter work must be given to Benjamin Herder (1818-88), one of the leading publishers of Germany. Its editors were Heinrich Joseph Wetzer (1801-53), professor of Oriental philology in the University of Freiburg im Breisgau, a layman, and Benedict Welte (1805-85), a priest and professor of theology in the University of Tübingen. The proposition to do as much for Protestant theology and research was mooted by a company of Protestant theologians, and Matthias Schneckenburger (1804-18), professor of theology in Bern, had been chosen editor of the projected work. But the political troubles of 1848 prevented the carrying out of the scheme and the death of Schneckenburger that year made it necessary to find another leader. At this juncture Friedrich August Tholuck (1799-1877), professor of theology in Halle, where Johann Jakob Herzog was professor from 1847 to 1854, was consulted and he named his colleague. It was an ideal choice, as Professor Herzog was a competent scholar, a friend of progress in theology, moderate in his views, and a persona grata to all parties among the Protestants. The publisher of the Protestant encyclopedia was Christian Friedrich Adolf Rost (1790-1856), who was carrying on the business of Johann Conrad Hinrichs, and under that name.

Both the Roman Catholic and Protestant religious encyclopedias were conspicuous successes and came to be called popularly, by the names of their editors, "Wetzer and Welte" and "Herzog" respectively. The former was finished in 1856 in twelve volumes, followed by an index volume in 1860; the latter in 1868 in twenty-two volumes including the index. In December, 1877, the Herders entrusted a new edition of "Wetzer and Welte" to Joseph Hergenröther (1824-80), at that time a professor of theology in Munich. On his elevation to the cardinalate in 1879 he transferred his editorial duties to Franz Philipp Kaulen (1827-1907), Roman Catholic professor of theology in Bonn, and under him the new edition was finished in 1901 in twelve volumes, each one much larger than those of the first edition. In September, 1903, the index volume appeared. In 1877 the first volume of the second edition of "Herzog" appeared, edited by Professor Herzog with the assistance of his colleague in the theological faculty in Erlangen, Gustav Leopold Plitt (1836-80). On Plitt's death Herzog called in another colleague, Albert Hauck (1845-), the professor of church history, who survived him and brought the work to its triumphant close in 1888 in eighteen volumes, including the index. In the spring of 1896 appeared the first part of the third edition of "Herzog" with Hauck, who meanwhile had gone to Leipsic as professor of church history, as sole editor. It is upon this third edition that the present work is based.

The idea of translating "Herzog" in a slightly condensed form occurred to John Henry Augustus Bomberger (1817-90), a minister of the German Reformed Church, and then president of Ursinus College, Collegeville, Pa., and in 1856 he brought out in Philadelphia the first volume, whose title-page reads thus: The Protestant Theological and Ecclesiastical Encyclopedia: Being a Condensed Translation of Herzog's Real Encyclopedia. With Additions from Other Sources. By Rev. J. H. A. Bomberger, D.D., Assisted by Distinguished Theologians of Various Denominations. Vol. I. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1856. In this work he associated with himself twelve persons, all but one ministers. In 1860 he issued the second volume. But the Civil War breaking out the next year put a stop to so costly an enterprise and it was never resumed. The first volume included the article "Concubinage," the second "Josiah." It had been issued in numbers, of which the last was the twelfth.

In 1877 Professor Philip Schaff (1819-93) was asked by Dr. Herzog himself to undertake an English reproduction of the second edition of his encyclopedia, and this work was fairly begun when, in the autumn of 1880, Clemens Petersen and Samuel Macauley Jackson were engaged to work daily on it in Dr. Schaff's study in the Bible House, New York City. The next year Dr. Schaff's son, the Rev. David Schley Schaff, now professor of church history in the Western Theological Seminary, Allegheny, Pa., joined the staff. The original publishers were S. S. Scranton & Company, Hartford, Conn., but a change was made before the issue of the first volume and the encyclopedia was issued by Funk & Wagnalls. The title-page read thus: A Religious Encyclopaedia: or Dictionary of Biblical, Historical, Doctrinal, and Practical Theology. Based on the Real-Encyklopädie of Herzog, Plitt, and Hauck. Edited by Philip Schaff, D.D., LL.D., Professor in the Union Theological Seminary, New York. Associate editors: Rev. Samuel M. Jackson, M. A., and Rev. D. S. Schaff. Volume I. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, Publishers, 10 and 18 Dey Street. The first volume was issued Wednesday, November 1, 1882, the second Thursday, March 1, 1883, and the third Tuesday, March 4, 1884. Volume I. had pp. xix. 1-847; volume II. pp. xvii. 848-1714; and volume III. pp. xix. 1715-2631. In November, 1886, a revised edition was issued and at the same time the Encyclopedia of Living Divines and Christian Workers of All Denominations in Europe and America, Being a Supplement to Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. Edited by Rev. Philip Schaff, D.D., LL.D., and Rev. Samuel Macauley Jackson, M. A. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, Publishers, 18 and 20 Astor Place, 1887. In 1891 the third edition of the encyclopedia was issued and with it was incorporated the Encyclopedia of Living Divines, with an appendix, largely the work of Rev. George William Gilmore, bringing the biographical and literary notices down to December, 1890. The entire work was repaged sufficiently to make it one of four volumes of about equal size, and it is this four-volume edition which is known to the public as the Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia, the volumes being respectively of pp. xlviii. 679 and four pages unnumbered; 680-1378; 1379-2086; iv. 2087-2629, viii. 296. As the German work at its base was overtaken by the time "S" had been reached, the "Schaff-Herzog" from that letter on was based on the first edition of "Herzog." Therefore much of its matter is now very old. Yet it has been a useful work, and in 1903 its publishers determined on a new edition based on the third edition of "Herzog" which had been appearing since 1896. But inasmuch as there was a space of ten years between the beginnings of the two works, it has been necessary to bring the matter from the German down to date. This end has been accomplished by two courses: first by securing from the German contributors to "Herzog" condensations of their contributions, in which way matter contributed to the German work has in many instances been brought down to date, and second by calling on department editors for supplementary matter.

As appears from what has been said above, this encyclopedia is not entirely anew work. It is really an old work reconstructed. Its list of titles is largely the same and it follows the same general plan as in the old work. The points of identity are: (1) that at its base lies the Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie and Kirche, once associated with the name of Herzog, now with the name of Albert Hauck, professor of church history in the University of Leipsic, and the author of the authoritative history of the Church in Germany; (2) that it gives in condensed form the information in that work, and takes such matter directly from the German work in most instances, although occasionally while the topic is the same the treatment is independent of the German contributor's; (3) that it has much matter contributed by the editorial staff and specially secured contributors; (4) that in Biblical matters it limits its titles to those of the German base, so that it should not be considered as a Bible dictionary, although the Biblical department comprehends the principal articles of such a dictionary. The points of dissimilarity are these: (1) It contains much matter furnished directly by those contributors to the German work who have kindly consented to condense their articles and bring them within prescribed limits. These limits have often been narrow, but in no other way was it possible to utilize the German matter. (2) It contains hundreds of sketches of living persons derived in almost every instance from matter furnished by themselves. In writing these sketches much help has been received, principally in the suggestion of names, from the English and American Who's Who and from the German Wer ist's (which is a similar work for Germany), and we desire to acknowledge our indebtedness with thanks. But comparison between the sketches in this book and those given of the same individual in the books referred to will reveal many differences and be so many proofs of the extensive correspondence carried on to secure the given facts. Every person sketched herein, with almost no exception, has been sent a blank for biographical data. Some thought to save themselves the trouble of filling out the blank by referring to a dictionary of living persons, but it has generally turned out that the requirements of this blank were not met by the book referred to and it has been necessary to write to the subject, and frequently more than once, before the desired information could be secured., (3) The matter in proof has been sent to persons specially chosen for eminence in their respective departments. These departments with the names of those in charge of them are: Systematic Theology, Rev. CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D., professor of systematic theology, Chicago Theological Seminary; Minor Denominations, Rev. HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D., one of the corresponding secretaries of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church, New York City; Liturgies and Religious Orders, in the first volume, Rev. JOHN THOMAS CREAGH, D.D., professor of canon law, Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C., in subsequent volumes, Very Rev. JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D., president of St. Joseph's Seminary, Yonkers, N. Y.; the Old Testament, Rev. JAMES FREDERICK MCCURDY, Ph.D., LL.D., professor of Oriental languages, University College, Toronto; the New Testament, Rev. HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D., professor of the literature and interpretation of the New Testament, Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass.; Church History, Rev. ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D., professor of church history, Baylor Theological Seminary (Baylor University), Waco, Texas. Besides reading the proofs they were requested to make such additions as would not only bring them up to date but represent the distinctive results of British and American Scholarship. (4) A much more thorough bibliography is furnished. The attempt has been made to give sources so that students may pursue a subject to its roots; second, to supply the best literature in whatever language it occurs; third, to supply references in English for those who read only that language. (5) All articles based on German originals have been sent in proof to the writers of the original German articles when these writers were still living. Some of them had furnished the articles and they had merely been translated, but in the great majority of cases the German authors had not given that cooperation; not a few, however, have kindly read our condensations and made corrections and additions. For this cooperation thanks are due.

We here mention with gratitude the permission given by the publisher of the Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche, Mr. HEINRICH ROST, the head of the great publishing house of J. C. HINRICHS of Leipsic, and by the editor of its third edition, Professor ALBERT HAUCK, Ph.D., D.Th., D.Jur., of the University of Leipsic, to use its contents in our discretion. Dr. Hauck has done far more than give permission. He has manifested a kindly interest in our work, has revised the condensations of his articles, and facilitated our efforts to secure from his contributors advance articles. This helpfulness is much appreciated, and we would fain give it prominent recognition.