NEW

SCHAFF-HERZOG

ENCYCLOPEDIA

OF

RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE

Editor-in-Chief

SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.

Editor-in-Chief

of

Supplementary Volumes

Associate Professor of Church History

Princeton Theological Seminary

BAKER BOOK HOUSE

GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN

THE NEW

SCHAFF-HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA

OF

RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE

EDITED BY

SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.

(Editor-in-Chief)

WITH THE ASSISTANCE, AFTER VOLUME VI., OF

GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.

(Associate Editor)

AND THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT EDITORS

(Department of Systematic Theology) (Department of the Old Testament)

HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D. HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.

(Department of Minor Denominations) (Department of the New Testament)

JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D. ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.

(Department of Liturgics and Religious Orders) (Department of Church

History)

FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A.

(Department of Pronunciation and Typography)

VOLUME IX

PETRI ? REUCHLIN

BAKER BOOK HOUSE

GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN

1953

EXCLUSIVE AMERICAN PUBLICATION RIGHTS

SECURED BY BAKER BOOK HOUSE FROM FUNK AND WAGNALLS

PHOTOLITHOPRINTED BY CUSHING--MALLOY, INC.

ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

1953

EDITORS

SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.

(Editor-in-Chief.)

Professor of Church History, New York University.

GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.

(Associate Editor.)

Formerly Professor of Biblical History and Lecturer on Comparative Religion,

Bangor Theological Seminary.

DEPARTMENT EDITORS, VOLUME IX.

(Department of Systematic Theology.)

Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Seminary.

(Department of the Old Testament.)

Professor of Oriental Languages, University College, Toronto.

HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D. HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.

(Department of Minor Denominations.)

Secretary of Executive Committee of the Western Section for the Fourth Ecumenical Methodist Conference.

(Department of the New Testament.)

Professor of the Literature and Interpretation of the New Testament,

Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass.

JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D. ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.

(Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders.)

Rector of St. Gabriel's New Rochelle, N. Y.

(Department of Church History.)

Professor of Church History, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary,

Fort Worth, Tex.

FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A.,

(Department of Pronunciation and Typography.)

Managing Editor of the Standard Dictionary, etc., New York City.

CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS, VOLUME IX. Missionary in Bombay, India. Pastor at St. Michael's, Hamburg. Professor of Practical Theology, University of Marburg. Author of Books on Missions, Washington, D.C. SAMUEL JUNE BARROWS (), D.D, THEODORA CROSBY BLISS, Late corresponding Secretary of the Prison Association, New York. Writer on Missions. Writer on Civil Church Law. Member of Executive Committee of the American National Red Cross. Minister at Wick, Scotland Professor of Church History, University of Bonn. Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Seminary. Professor of Church History, University of Göttingen.. Extraordinary Professor of the Old Testament in the Evangelical Theological Faculty, University of Strasburg. Retired Pastor, Stuttgart. Stated Clerk of the Synod of the Christian Reformed Church, Editor-in-Chief of The Banner, Grand Rapids, Mich. Reformed Minister and Chaplain at Bückeburg, Schaumburg-Lippe. Professor of Church History, University of Königsberg. Late Professor of Church History, University of Breslau. BRIGGS, D.D., Litt.D., German Orientalist and Vice-Consul for Holland in Jerusalem. Professor of Theological Encyclopedia and Symbolics, Union Theological Seminary, New York. JOHN BROWN (), Late Pastor at Rentham, Suffolk Co., England. Th.D., Late Director of the Teachers' Seminary in Dresden. Professor of Practical Theology, University of Halle. Professor of Semitic Languages, University of Copenhagen. Pastor of St. Gabriel's, New Rochelle, N. Y. Late Supreme Consistorial Councilor in Munich. Late Professor of Church History, University of Zurich. JOHN KENNEDY CAMERON, M.A., CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH DAVID ERDMANN (), Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Systematic Theology, Free Church College, Edinburgh. Late Professor of Church History, University of Breslau. HUBERT CARLETON, M.A., JOHN YOUNG EVANS, M.A., B.D., Editor of St. Andrew's Cross and General Secretary of the Brotherhood of St. Andrew, Boston. Professor in Trevecca College, Aberwystwyth, Wales. Writer on Psychical Research. Professor of Theology in Augsburg Theological Seminary, Minneapolis, Minn. Secretary of Executive Committee of the Western Section for the Fourth Ecumenical Methodist Conference. Professor of Church History, Strasburg. Dr.Jur., University Preacher and Professor of Practical Theology, University of Erlangen. Professor of Law, University of Heidelberg. Pastor in Geneva. Professor of Systematic Theology, Cumberland Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Lebanon, Tenn. Consistorial Councilor, Ilfeld, Germany. Late Professor of Dogmatics, Symbolics. and Christian Ethics, University of Vienna. Late Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Delaware. Late Professor of Theology, University of Erlangen. Professor of Liturgies and Ecclesiastical Polity Reformed Episcopal Theological Seminary, Philadephia. Professor of Ecclesiastical, Public, and German Law, University of Leipsic. Church Historian, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Late Superintendent in Schleusingen, Prussian Saxony. Professor of the History of Christianity,. University of Amsterdam, and Professor of Practical Theology, Mennonite Theological Seminary, Amsterdam. Formerly Lecturer on Comparative Religion Bangor Theological Seminary, Associate Editor of The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia. Professor of German Philology in the University of Cracow. Assistant Librarian, University of Bonn. Retired Consistorial Councilor, Berlin. Honorary Professor of Geography Technical High School, and Professor at Military Academy, Munich. Assistant Secretary of the Board of Education of the Presbyterian Church in the United States. Late Professor of Dogmatics, University of Berlin. EDWIN CHARLES DARGAN, D.D., LL.D., JAMES ISAAC GOOD, D.D., Pastor of the First Baptist Church, Macon, Georgia. Professor of Reformed Church History and Liturgics, Central Theological Seminary, Dayton, Ohio. L.H.D., Professor of Oriental and Old Testament Literature, Princeton Theological Seminary. Author and Lecturer on Historical Subjects, Ithaca, N. Y. Church Inspector, Breslau. Pastor in Strasburg. MORTON DEXTER () M.A., CARL VON GRUENEISEN (), D.D., Late Congregational Clergyman and Author. Boston. Late Court Preacher in Stuttgart. Ph.D., Th.Lic., Archdeacon at Crossen, Germany. Extraordinary Professor of Church History, University of Heidelberg. Professor of New-Testament Exegesis, University of Breslau. Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Rostock. Head Preacher, Nördlingen, Bavaria. Professor of Old-Testament Exegesis, University of Leipsic. WILLIE KIRKPATRICK DOUGLAS, ARTHUR CRAWSHAY ALLISTON HALL, D.D., LL.D., Dean of Due West Female College, Due West, S.C. Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Vermont. General Director of the Royal Library, Berlin. Professor of Church History, University of Erlangen. Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Leipsic, Editor-in-Chief of the Hauck-Herzog Realencyklopädie. Professor of Church History, University of Giessen. Th.D., Consistorial Councilor Professor of New-Testament Theology and Exegesis, University of Greifswald. Professor of Systematic and Practical Theology, University of Greifswald. Professor of New-Testament Exegesis, University of Leipsic. City Pastor, Leonberg, Württemberg. Late Professor of Philosophy, University of Leipsic. Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Heidelberg. Pastor at Betheln, Hanover. Corresponding Secretary of the Prison Association and Secretary of the Finance Committee of the Charity Organisation Society, New York. Th.D., Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Marburg. Professor of Church History, University of Königsberg. Late Professor of Reformed Theology, University of Erlangen. Late Studiendirektor, Munich. Lecturer in Biblical Literature, Teachers' College, New York City. Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Strasburg. Privat-docent in New-Testament Exegesis, University of Berlin. Professor of Church History, Evangelical Theological Faculty, University of Vienna. Professor at Berlin and Director for the Publication of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Professor of Church History, University of Halle. Pastor of St. Nicolaikirche, Leipsic. Clerk of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland. ERNST IDELER, JOHN LYND, D.D., Pastor at Ahrensdorf, near Potsdam. Professor of Hebrew and Biblical Criticism, Theological, Hall of the Reformed Presbyterian Synod, Belfast. Late Pastor in Bremen. Pastor of Emmanuel Church, Boston, Mass. Late Professor of Law, University of Königsberg. Clerk of the Reformed Presbyterian Synod in Scotland. MATHEWS, Professor of Dogmatics, University of Halle. General Secretary of the Presbyterian Alliance, London. Consistorial Councilor, Professor of Practical Theology, and University Preacher, University of Breslau. Pastor of the Reformed Church, Leipsic. Professor of Dogmatics, University of Leipsic. Late President of the Consistory, Hanover. Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Leipsic. Supreme Consistorial Councilor, Hanover. Late Secretary of the Library, Hamburg. Professor of Church History, University of Marburg. EDWARD HOOKER KNIGHT, D.D., ROBERT MORTON, Dean of the Hartford School of Religious Pedagogy, Hartford, Conn. Professor of Systematic Theology and Church History in Original Secession Theological Hall, Glasgow, Scotland. Late Professor of the Old Testament, University of Rostock. Professor of Reformed Theology, University of Erlangen. Late Privy Councilor in Cannstadt, formerly Professor of Theology, University of Giessen. Inspector of Schools, Leipsic. Prelate and Court Preacher, Ludwigsburg. Minister of Glasgow Cathedral, Glasgow, Scotland. HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D., Professor of the Literature and Inyerpretation of the New Testament, Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass. Professor in the Theological Seminary, Maulbronn, Württemberg. Professor of Church History, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, Fort Worth, Texas. Professor of Ecclesiastical and Commercial Law, University of Erlangen. FREDERICK KRISTIAN NIELSEN (), D.D., HENRY CLAY SHELDON, D.D., Late Bishop of Aarhus, Denmark. Professor of Systematic Theology, Boston University. Th.D., Professor of Old-Testament Exegesis and History of Religion, University of Basel. Professor of New-Testament Exegesis, University of Bonn. Pastor of St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church, Paris. Professor of Systematic and Practical Theology in the Evangelical Theological Faculty, University of Strasburg. Late Pastor in Hohenkirchen, Mecklenburg. Clerk of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Canada. FINIS HOMER PRENDERGAST, ROBERT MACGOWAN SOMMERVILLE, Attorney, Marshall, Texas. Editor of Olive Trees, New York City. Pastor at Hirschhorn-on-the-Neckar, Germany. Professor of Egyptology, University of Leipsic. Professor of Church History in Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Columbia, S. C. Glasgow, Scotland. Late Professor in Cologne. Extraordinary Professor of Old-Testament Exegesis and Semitic Languages, University of Berlin. Pastor First Welsh Presbyterian Church, Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Professor of German and Ecclesiastical Law, University of Bonn. WILLIAM HENRY ROBERTS, D.D., LL.D., ROBERT BREWSTER TAGGART, Stated Clerk of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. Late Professor of History, University of Haarlem. President of Western Reserve University and Adalbert College, Cleveland. Pastor at Birmensdorf and Lecturer at the University of Zurich, Switzerland. Professor of Church History, University of Göttingen. Honorary Professor of Philosophy, University of Bonn. Professor of Church History and Christian Archeology, University of Utrecht. Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Kiel. Late Consistorial Councilor, Göttingen. Head of the Deaconess Institute, Altona. Professor of Didactic and Polemic Theology, Princeton Theological Seminary. DAVID SCHLEY SCHAFF, D.D., EDWARD ELIHU WHITFIELD, M.A., Professor of Church History, Western Theological Seminary, Pittsburg, Pa. Retired Public Schoolmaster, London. PHILIP SCHAFF (), D.D., LL.D., FRIEDRICH LUDWIG LEONHARD WIEGAND, Ph.D., Th.D., Late Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary, New York, and Editor of the Original Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia. Professor of Church History, University of Greifswald. Professor of Theology, University of Giessen. Late Pastor at Friedersdorf, Brandenburg, and Editor of the Evangelische Kirchenzeitung. Pastor in Oberholzheim, Württemberg. Retired Titular Professor in Dresden. Professor of Church History and Christian Archeology, University of Greifswald. Pastor, Third Reformed Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia, Pa. Th.D., Litt.D., Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Rostock. Professor of New-Testament Exegesis and Introduction, University of Erlangen. Corresponding Secretary of Board of Ministerial Relief, United Presbyterian Church of North America. Late Professor of Church History and Apologetics, University of Greifswald. EMIL SECKEL, Dr.Jur., Professor of Law, University of Berlin.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX--VOLS. I--IX

The following list of books is supplementary to the bibliographies given at the end of the articles contained in volumes I.-IX., and brings the literature down to November, 1910. In this list each title entry is printed in capital letters. It is to be noted that, throughout the work, in the articles as a rule only first editions are given. In the bibliographies the aim is to give either the best or the latest edition, and in case the book is published both in America and in some other country, the American place of issue is usually given the preference.

Abbot, L.: Seeking after God, New York, 1910.

Altar: A. Hartel, Altars and Pulpits; a Series of Examples of Ecclesiastical Work in the Gothic Style, taken mostly from the famous German Cathedrals and Churches of the Middle Ages, 3d ed., New York, 1910.

Ammianus Marcellinus: Rerum gestarum libri qui supersunt, ed. C.U. Clark, L. Traube, and G.Heraeus, vol. 1, libri XIV.-XXV., Berlin, 1910.

Apologetics:, Die babylonische Kosmogonie und der biblische Schöpfungsbericht. Ein Beitrag zur Apologie des biblischen Gottesbegrifes, Münster, 1910.

A. R. Wells, Why we believe the Bible; Outlines of Christian. Evidences in Question and Answer Form, Boston, 1910.

Armenia: M. Ormanian, L'Église arménienne, son histoire, sa doctrine, son régime, sa discipline, sa liturgie, sa littérature, son present, Paris, 1910.

Athanasian Creed: T. N. Papaconstantinos, The Creed of Athanasius the Great, translated by H. C. J. Lingham, London, 1910.

Atonement: J. B. Champion, The Living Atonement, Philadelphia, 1910.

Avitus: H. Goelzer and A. Mey, Le Latin de Saint Avit évêque de Vienne

Babylonia: F. Delitzsch, Handel and Wandel in Altbabylonien, Stuttgart, 1910.

D. W. Myhrman, Sumerian Administrative Documents, dated in the Reigns of the Kings of the second Dynasty of Ur, from the Temple Archives of Nippur, preserved in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 1910.

Bacher, W.: W. L. Blau, Bibliographie der Schriften Wilhelm Bachers nebst einem hebräischen Sachund Ortsnamen Register zu seinem sechsbändigen Agadwerke, Frankfort, 1910.

Ballard, A., From Text to Talk, Boston, 1910.

Bampton Lectures: W. Hobhouse, The Church and the World in Idea and in History, New York, 1910.

Baptists: Seventh Day Baptists in Europe and America; a Series of Historical Papers written in Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Organization of the Seventh Day Baptist General Conference, celebrated at Ashaway, Rhode Island, Aug. 20-26, 1902, 2 vols., Plainfield, N. J., 1910.

Barnes, W. E.: Lex in Corde: Studies in the Psalter, London, 1910.

Baur, F. C.: E. Schneider, F. C. Baur in seiner Bedeutung für die Theologie, Munich, 1909.

Becket, T.: T. H. Hatton, Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, London, 1910.

Bede: Lives of the First Five Abbots of Wearmouth and Yarrow, London, 1910.

Bible Societies: A Popular Illustrated Report of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1909-10, London,1910.

Benedict XIV.: Add to bibliography Heroic Virtue; a Portion of the Treatise of Benedict XIV. on the Beatification and Canonization of the Servants of God, 3 vols., London, 1850.

Bible Text: A. B. Ehrlich, Randglossen zur hebräischen Bibel. Textkritisches, Sprachliches und Sachliches. Erster Band: Genesis und Exodus. Zweiter Band: Leviticus, Numeri, Deuteronomium, Leipsic, 1908-1909.

H. H. Josten, New Studien zur Evangelienhandschrift. No. 18, Des heiligen Bernward Evangelienbuch im Domschatz zu Hildesheim, Strasburg, 1909.

Agnes Smith Lewis, Old Syriac Gospels, or Evangelion Damepharreshê, London, 1910.

H. F. von Soden, Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte, Berlin, 1906-10.

Bible Versions: W. J. Heaton, The Bible of the Reformation: its Translators and their Work, London, 1910.

J. P. Hentz, History of the Lutheran version of the Bible, Dayton, O., 1910.

S. McComb, The Making of the English Bible, London, 1910.

Biblical Criticism: A. Duff, History of Old Testament Criticism, New York, 1910.

T. Engert, Das Alte Testament im Lichte modernistisch-katholischer Wissenschaft, Munich, 1910.

Biblical Introduction: A. C. Robinson, What about the Old Testament? Is it played out? London, 1910.

Biblical Theology: E. von Dobschütz, The Eschatology of the Gospels, London, 1910.

P. Karge, Geschichte des Bundesgedankens im Alten Testament, Münster, 1910.

A. F. Loisy: see below.

C. G. Montefiore, Some Elements of the Religious Teaching of Jesus According to the Synoptic Gospels (Jowett Lectures, 1910), London 1910.

Biblical Theology: L. B. Paton, The Early Religion of Israel, Boston, 1910.

A. Schlatter, Die Theologie des Neuen Testaments, vol. ii., Die Lehre der Apostel, Calw and Stuttgart, 1909-10.

H. B. Swete, Studies in the Teachings of our Lord, London, 1910.

Boniface: G. F. Browne, Boniface and his Companions, London, 1910.

Brahmanism: The Parisistas of the Atharvaveda. Ed. G. M. Bolling and J. von Negelein, Leipsic, 1910.

A. Roussel, La Religion védique, Paris, 1910.

Buddhism: Alphabetical List of the Titles of Works in the Chinese Buddhist Tripitaka (Archeological Dept. of India). Being an Index to Bunyin Nanjio's Catalogue and the 1905 Kioto Reprint of the Buddhist Canon. Prepared by E. Denison Ross, Bombay, 1910.

H. Oldenburg, Aus dem alten Indien. 3 Aufsätze über Buddhismus, alt-indische Dichtung and Geschichtschreibung, Berlin, 1910.

Burma: A. Bunker, Sketches from the Karen Hills, New York, 1910.

Shway Yor, The Burman, his Life and Notions, London, 1910.

Canonization: Add to bibliograpby the work given above under Benedict XIV. Also A. Boudinhon, Les Procès de beatification et de canonisation, Paris, 1908.

T. F. Macken, The Canonization of Saints, Dublin, 1910.

China: China and the Gospel. An Illustrated Report of the China Inland Mission, London, 1910.

E. Chavannes, Le T'ai Chan: Essai de monoaphie d'un cults chinois. Appendice: Le Dieu du sol dans la chine antique, Paris, 1910.

E. H. Parker, Studies in Chinese Religion, London, 1910.

Church: W. Hobhouse, The Church and the World in Idea and History, London, 1910.

F. I. Paradise, The Church and the Individual, New York, 1910.

Church History: J. Felten, Neutestamentliche Zeitgeschichte oder Judentum and Heidentum zur Zeit Christi and der Apostel, 2 vols., Regensburg, 1910.

F. X. Funk, A Manual of Church History, vol. ii., London, 1910.

S. Lublinski, Der urchristliche Erdkreis und sein Mythos, Vol. i., Die Entstehung des Christentums aus der antiken Kultur, Jena, 1910.

Clement of Alexandria: J. Gabrielseon, Ueber die Quellen des Clemens Alexandrinus, vol. ii., Zur genaueren Prüfung der Favorinushypothese, Leipsic, 1909.

Cologne: W. Pelster, Stand and Herkunft der Bischöfe der Kölner Kirchenprovinz im Mittelalter, Weimar, 1909.

Common Prayer, Book of: N. Dimock, The History of the Book of Common Prayer in its Bearing on Present Eucharistic Controversies, London and New York, 1910.

Comparative Religion: E. S. Ames, The Psychology of Reliqious Experience, Boston, 1910. A. S. Bishop, The World's Altar-Stairs in the Religions of the World, London, 1910.

C. C. Martindale, ed., Lectures on the History of Religions, St. Louis, 1910.

R. M. Meyer, Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte, Leipsic, 1910.

R. Quanter, Das Weib in den Religlonen der Völker unter Berücksichtigung der einzelnen Kulte. Mit vielen zeitgenossischen Illlustrationen, Berlin, 1910.

J. H. Randall and J. G. Smith, The Unity of Religions; a popular Discussion of ancient and modern Beliefs, New York, 1910.

J. Sehrijnen, Essays en etudien in vergelijkende Godsdienstgeschiedenis, Mythologie en Folklore, Venlao, 1910.

Congregationalists: A. F. Beard, A Crusade of Brotherhood. History of the American Missionary Association, Boston, 1909.

Coptic Church: E. A. W. Budge, Coptic Homilies in the Dialect of Upper Egypt, ed. from the Papyrus Codex Oriental 5001, in the British Museum, London, 1910.

Councils and Synods: F. Sohulthess, Die syrischen Kanones der Synoden von Nicaea bis Chalcedon nebst einigen zugehörigen Dokumenten, Berlin, 1908.

Crusades: W. S. Durrant, Cross and Dagger: the Crusade of the Children, London, 1910.

Curia: F. Russo, La curia romana nella sua organizzione e nel suo completo funzionamento a datare dal 3 novembre, 1908, Palermo, 1910.

Dawson, W. J.: The Divine Challenge, New York and London, 1910.

Deissmann, A.: Light from the Ancient East. The New Testament. Translation by L. R. M. Strachan, London, 1910.

Doctrine, History of: P. Tschackert, Die Entstehung der lutherischen and der reformierten Kirchenlehre samst ihren inneren protestantischen Gegensätzen, Göttingen, 1910.

Dogma, Dogmatics: G. R. Montgomery, The Unexplored Self; an Introductory to Christian Doctrine for Teachers and Students, New York, 1910.

Egypt: W. M. F. Petrie, Arts and Crafts of Ancient Egypt, Chicago, 1910. P. Virey, La Religion de l'Ancienne Egypte, Paris, 1910.

Egyptian Exploration Fund: Thirtieth Memoir. The XI. Dynasty Temple at Deir-el Bahiri, Part 2 by E. Neville, London, 1910.

England, Church of: C. S. Carter, The English Church in the Eighteenth Century, London and New York, 1910.

F. W. Cornish, The English Church. in the 19th Century, 2 parts, London, 1910.

F. A. Hibbert The Dissolution of the Monasteries, as Illustrated by the Suppression of the Religious Houses of Staffordshire, London, 1910.

E. Stock, The English Church in the Nineteenth Century, London and New York, 1910.

Epiklesis: P. M. Chains, La Consecration et l'épiclèse dons le missal éthiopien, Rome, 1910.

Episcopate: R. E. Thompson, The Historic Episcopate, Philadelphia, 1910.

Erasmus: A. Meyer, Étude critique sur les relations d'Érasme et de Luther, Paris, 1909.

Eschatology: See above, Biblical Theology.

Ethics: T. C. Hall, History of Ethics within Organized Christianity, New York, 1910.

Eudes, J.: M. Russell, The Life of Blessed John Eudes, London, 1910.

Ezra and Nehemiah: G. Klamath, Ezras Leben und Wirken, Vienna, 1908. J. Heis, Geschichdiche and literärkritische Fragen in Esra 1-6, Münster, 1909.

France: R. P. Lecanuet, L'Église de France sous la troisième republique. Pontificat de Léon XIII. (1878-1908), Paris, 1910.

Galilee: A. Resch, Das Galiläa bei Jerusalem. Eine biblische Studie, Leipsic, 1910.

Galileo: E. Wohlwill, Galilei und sein Kampf für die copernicanische Lehre, Hamburg, 1909.

Gnosticism: W. Schultz, Dokumente der Gnosis, Jena, 1910.

God: J. A. Hall, The Nature of God, Philadelphia, 1910.

Gospel: F. C. Burkitt, The Earliest Sources for the Life of Jesus, Boston, 1910.

F. K. Feigel, Der Einschluss des Weissagungsbeweises und anderer Motive auf die Leidensgeschichte. Ein Beitrag zur Evengelienkritik, Tübingen, 1910.

W. M. F. Petrie, The Growth of the Gospels as shown by Scriptural Criticism, London, 1910.

Gunkel, H.: Genesis, 3d ed., Göttingen, 1910.

Hagenbach, K. R.: Ihr Briefwechsel aus den Jahren 1841 bis 1861, Basel, 1910.

Hall, T. C.: See above, Ethics.

Hannington, J.: C. D. Michael, James Hannington, Bishop and Martyr, London, 1910.

Harmonies: A. R. Whitham, The Life of Our Blessed Lord. From the Revised Version of the Four Gospels. The Bible Text only. London, 1910.

Hebrews: F. Dibelius, Der Verfasser des Hebräerbriefes. Eine Untersuchung zur Geschichte des Urchristentums, Strasburg, 1910.

Hellenism: P. Hauser, Les Grece et les sémites dans l'histoire de l'humanité, Paris, 1910.

Hellenistic Greek: G. Milligan, Selections from the Greek Papyri, ed. with Transl. and Notes, London, 1910.

Hexateuch: See above, Gunkel.

G. Hoberg, Die Genesis nach dem Literalsinn erklärt, Freiburg, 1908.

Leviticus and Numbers. Introduction; in the Century Bible, ed. A. R. S. Kennedy, London, 1910.